War 1812 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

War 1812 - Assignment Example The objective of abolitionist Republicans was to reestablish the Union and cancel subjugation. They needed the war to proceed until the accomplishment of these objectives. Initially, Lincoln didn't perceive liberation as the war’s objective, yet he was troubled by the break of a few slaves in the South (â€Å"The Civil War†). With the destiny of the Union being in question, Lincoln was essentially dedicated to spare the Union. His prime concern was to spare the Union with or without liberating the slaves. Occasions prompted the acquiescence of Lincoln to the abolitionist republicans’ pressure. This made subjection the prime factor in Civil War and caused the cancelation to advance as a procedure to protect the Union and shut down the insubordination. Accordingly, the president drafted emancipation’s general decree which was at last given on 22 September 1862 and marked and endorsed by Lincoln on 1 January 1863. Abolitionists were worried after the war that since the liberation announcement was gotten from the wartime forces of Lincoln, its capacity may melt away. End of subjugation in the US was an occasion of worldwide importance

The Ghastly Writings Of Poe Essays - Poetry By Edgar Allan Poe

The Ghastly Writings Of Poe Edgar Allen Poe makes stories of creative mind and dreams the undeniable domains of dread. His stories and sonnets have impacted the artistic schools of symbolismas well as the famous sorts of analyst and ghastliness fiction (Stern xxxviii). In any case, the same number of Poes stories and sonnets summon dread and fear, they likewise enter the creative mind with dream. Poe over and again endeavors and prevails at causing his perusers to persevere through undifferentiated from sentiments as those characters in his works. The most widely recognized domains Poe expounds on are dreams, dreams, the inner mind, and looks at the great beyond. These domains can't be straightforwardly spoken to since people can't legitimately grasp them. Poe, recognized for his works including the powerful, aces stories including a gothic environment. Poes darker self difficulties him, and in his stories of retribution and murder, his characters reflect a mind-blowing contentions. Poe has a complaint; he realizes he has a fine keenness and exceptional capacity, despite the fact that he never gets the prizes, which he feels entitled. A considerable lot of his partners state, there was a twisted streak in him as well, a noxious and wanton want to hurt others for the unreasonable fulfillment it gave him (Stern 288). The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat manage a killer who carries out a wrongdoing a fruitful wrongdoing and departures the outcomes. At that point, the executioner sells out himself and admits through sheer backwards nature. In some of Poes stories, the killer and the killed consolidate their characters into one (Myerson 287). The Tell-Tale Heart is one of Poes generally minimal and splendidly executed stories. It doesn't convey the gothic trappings a portion of his stories use, making this story read like an advanced, r igidly composed mental story (Stern 289). Poe favors passing and fear over some other classification. Demise remains Poe's preferred subject, his fixation; practically the entirety of his stories and sonnets have varieties of this topic. Poe causes passing and the dread of the obscure on his crowd. What lies past the grave or in the psyche motivates Poe. Other than Poe, no American essayist consistently bargains regarding the matter, delves so profoundly into it, and includes himself in the doings of death. For the duration of Poes life, he makes a constant better than average into the Maelstr?m: a moderate, tireless, descending winding through the void which make a case for him forty years into his life. In Poes stories, you cross squandered landsand you get a sight of frightful primitive structures reminiscent of loathsome and puzzling happenings (Unger 414). As a rule, in his stories of fear and demise, frightful events occur under the light of a dark red moon. Dream, E.M. Forester has stated, suggests the extraordinary, yet need not express it (Stern 55). To many, a definitive dream includes a phantom or some other specter. Poe never composes an apparition story, strangely. An apparition, as in we commonly consider one, never shows up in Poes works. Poes characters, are not unearthly dreams but rather the revived dead who ascend from the burial place to stand up to the living with theirflesh (Stern 55). Poe, by and by, makes characters that have no genuine presence. Poe has two fundamental characters: the dedicated supervisor, scholarly pundit, the decent resident, and the unsavory individual, who frequented low plunges and who regularly twisted up truly in the canal (Stern 55). Poe makes present the result of the deep rooted battle between his two warring selves in William Wilson. In this story, William Wilson speaks to Poe. This story educates the most regarding Poe and gives its crowd the best understanding into the functions of Poes mi nd. In William Wilson Poe composes not a story but rather an emblematic admission. Poe views himself as an artist, in spite of the fact that, he leaves just fifty sonnets to the world. Poe says of himself, with me verse has not been a reason yet an energy (Stern 586). Poes sonnets concern his adoration, his internal identity, or more all demise, the closure of things, and the despairing related with misfortune and deprivation (Stern 586). To a few, Poe never accomplishes genuine distinction, yet four years before his demise, the life of his scholarly vocation peaks. In 1845, The Raven shows up in the Mirror, and in The Raven and Other Poems, his significant volume of sonnets. In The Raven, Poe

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Examining - Essay Example The review movement at Farhan Muscat SAOG Company uncovered that because of the wrong keeping of budgetary records for the momentum money related year in Salalah stores (water leakage during overwhelming downpours), it got difficult to make a review, which a senior inspector was going to lead. While the organization staff was educated about the stick take for the specific time frame to be led in the most helpful time, their different obligations, for example, development of merchandise creation getting and dispatch tasks proceeded. Buys and deals were not halted and other day by day tasks were proceeding. During the review, there was uncovered that the some stock things of the organization were not sold all through 2014. The vendor announced these merchandise were remembered for the normal stock and were additionally esteemed as customary stock. The adudit examination watched supervisor was completing comprehensive check of the low valued stock, be that as it may, the superior stock was not tallied. The outcomes from the review uncovered the scarcity of time of company’s the board prompted the powerlessness to accumulate the fundamental data about the stock and make the stock sheets at different areas the nation over. As per the review bunch results, harmed, out of date, slow-moving stock and immobile stock was esteemed at price tag by the organization. The supervisor was educated about such stock to make a little piece of the whole stock and is esteemed at price tag. As a method of reasoning, since physical stock can't be shielded from misfortune, the organization could forestall a material misquote of its budget summaries. The material lack identifies with error of the budget summaries, and the disappointment of such preventive control won't lead a huge insufficiency. Nonetheless, it forestalls a misquote of the budget reports. This situation must be deliberately considered before it was

A Teacher Who Is Easy Going and Humorous Can Intrigue Students to Learn Well

For people, similarly as taking in proficient information from a guider makes the most adequate in instruction constitution, so does an understudy procure gainfully in study life. A few people bolster the explanation that is increasingly compelling to have a genuine and an exacting instructor as opposed to one who is brimming with humor and agreeable. Truly, the overview (Harvey Craft, 2010) shows an instructor who is nice and has a comical inclination that can interest understudies to learn and pick up information. There are a few purposes behind understudies: since they can bring down nervousness while learning, since they can certainly develop the idealistic perspectives to their lives, since they can encourage the future objectives of being helpful people. In the first place, it is imperative for understudies to bring down their learning tension during class. An influence will think about extensively learning as the parts of feelings, feeling, disposition and demeanor. (Besnier, 1990, 421) When a teacher snares the start of every day strategy theme, understudies can be effectively to include from what the educator has referenced today. A decent close to home case has the right to outline this point: When I was a college understudy, I was enamored with going to one of my expert courses called â€Å"Translation and Media†. The educator, Kevin consistently utilized an innovative and hilarious approach to heat up the talk. Everybody including me got a kick out of the chance to join his conversation. The distinctive PowerPoint pictures with amusing scholastic recordings consistently caught my heart, I could be effectively to shoulder everything in my psyche. Also, I got a kick out of the chance to turn in task persistently and I even got An or more in each test. In this manner, remembering anxious disposition is smarter to include information. Another factor is in no way, shape or form vital to serve that understudies can be certain to develop the idealistic perspectives to their lives. Take my own model, before joining TOFEL TEST; I might want to take TOFEL-Internet Course. In spite of the fact that the school was a long way from my old neighborhood, I despite everything persevered taking a mentor to the goal consistently. Since the teachers were patient to urge me to have idealistic deduction to overcome the obstacles, I at long last got great scores and said thanks to my guiders. Consequently, it is useful to have positive skylines. Other than that, Cultivating to become helpful people later on is huge for understudies. They can feel brilliant without dimness when learning. Everything will work out in a good way. To progressively explicit, a well-known axiom was represented, â€Å"Hard work brings achievement. † As understudies have gotten something from the educators, they can yield without anyone else and go after the future what position they will do. All in all, plainly, a decent educator with humor and being nice is more viable than one with severe and genuine way. Understudies can have positive state of mind and disposition because of the lower nervousness, the certainty to their lives, and the objective of being a helpful individual to society commitment later on. All things considered, life is short, craftsmanship long.

The Right and Wrong of Writing

The Right and Wrong of Writing The Right and Wrong of Writing The Right and Wrong of Writing By Mark Nichol Who or what figures out what is right structure recorded as a hard copy, and what is erroneous? Numerous countries have an official body that directs the national language to shield it from annihilation or if nothing else from corruption. (France’s Academie Francaise, specifically, appears to exist basically to forestall contamination of the French language by importation of English words let me know how that works out, mes amis). This fatherly insurance, in any case, doesn't stretch out to sentence structure and accentuation and so forth. The United States isn't among those nations with exposition police, yet our library and book shop racks moan with word references and syntax, use, and style manuals just as handbooks that direct us in our utilization of accentuation and the Internet flourishes with business as usual. These assets are not really charming perusing (except if you’re a word geek), yet they are praiseworthy models in trying to do they say others should do, and they are probably going to be considerably more peruser neighborly than the fear prompting language expressions course books of our schooldays. Why, at that point, has the nature of composing declined so drastically that we may profit by an English Academy one gave not to language immaculateness (which words we use, and which ones we don’t) yet to checking the composed type of that language? The democratization of distributing is essentially capable, I think. Since, gratitude to the emotional increment in choices for organizations and associations to spread data by method of content on the web and in print, and due to the simplicity of independently publishing similar media bears anybody with access to them, an ever increasing number of individuals who don’t focus on such subtleties are composing and being perused, which obviously uncovered such a large number of more individuals to the blunders. Along these lines, incorrect use not simply in hyphenation, accentuation, spelling, and other mechanical slip-ups yet additionally in infelicities of punctuation, sentence structure, utilization, and other progressively generous components of composing is increased virally as a result of the move in the sign to-clamor proportion: Fewer individuals are perusing thoroughly composed and altered exposition, and more individuals are perusing composing created with less consideration. This, I accept, is the guilty party in the decay of value in distributed composing I’ve saw throughout the years both as a proofreader and as somebody who takes a busman’s occasion each time I read for data or delight. The explanation behind the reduction in utilization of fastidiously created content is twofold. Less individuals effectively look for good composition. In any case, similarly chargeable are the distributing ventures, the recent watchmen of good composition, which bargain the nature of periodicals and different productions since they dishearten work concentrated practices essential for creating great composition, rehearses hostile to lean-business systems that bring about high benefits. This issue raises an inquiry I’m astounded individuals don’t pose to all the more regularly: In the domain of composing, if such a significant number of individuals accomplish something seen as off-base or nonstandard, doesn’t that make it right? All things considered, that’s how new laws are composed and how cultural mores changes. Also, that’s how language changes. Things being what they are, if most of journalists compose, â€Å"You and me† at the leader of a sentence rather than â€Å"you and I† (or opposite their inclinations when the expression is the object of a sentence), for what reason is the previous utilization considered erroneous and the last one esteemed the satisfactory way? The greater part appears to don't think so. Since language doesn’t change direction quickly. For mental soundness to win, there must be a timeframe between shifts in rules of use and accentuation and different components of writing in which we react to â€Å"Everybody else does it† the manner in which a parent would respond to that kind of support expressed by a resolved young person: â€Å"Well, if every other person proceeded to hop off a bluff, would you?† By a similar token, we have to admonish journalists by saying, â€Å"Well, if everyone utilizes comma joins, does that mean you should, too?† At the danger of appearing to be an exacting guardian, that’s why I’m going to shield my meticulousness by saying that well known utilization is certainly not a norm. It's anything but a manual. What's more, I will follow my own direction: I will stick to the standards (except if I have a weak motivation to break one from time to time), and I will urge others to do likewise. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the General classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

How J.K. Rowling Puts a Spell on Her Readers (and How You Can, Too)

How J.K. Rowling Puts a Spell on Her Readers (and How You Can, Too) In 1994, J.K. Rowling, the imaginative author behind the Harry Potter franchise, was living on public assistance in Edinburgh, Scotland. As a single mother and estranged from her abusive husband, she was jobless and clinically depressed, but used the time while her daughter was napping to write Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in coffeehouses. It was an idea that occurred to her on a train ride four years earlier, and one she couldnt shake.Fast-forward ten years later, when in 2004, Forbes estimated Rowlings worth to be at $1 billion, making her the first billion-dollar author. Since the first book was published, the Harry Potter fantasy books have won multiple awards, and sold more than 500 million copies, earning a spot in the Guinness World Records as the best-selling book series for children in history. If there was ever an author success story, Rowling has it. And for anyone looking for the same success in their own writing, here are some of her secrets to putting a spell on her readers.Dont follow the rulesA quick Google search reveals that there are just as many rules about writing and publishing as there are websites offering advice on both (and thats a lot!). Make an outline or dont, know your ending before beginning chapter one or just start putting words on the page; its advice that can be as inconsistent as it is abundant. However, according to Rowling, rules can get in the way of your best work. She writes:I have to say that I cant stand lists of must dos, whether in life or in writing. Something rebels in me when Im told what I have to do before Im fifty, or have to buy this season, or have to write if I want to be a success.I havent got ten rules that guarantee success, although I promise Id share them if I did. The truth is that I found success by stumbling off alone in a direction most people thought was a dead end, breaking all the 1990s shibboleths about childrens books in the process. Male protagonists are unfashionable. Boarding scho ols are anathema. No kids book should be longer than 45,000 words.J.K. Rowling, On WritingRead voraciouslyWhile Rowling admits that breaking rules can often work out better than following them, she does list some you probably wont get far withouts that can make or break your success as a writer. At the top of that list is being a devoted reader.This is especially for younger writers. You cant be a good writer without being a devoted reader. Reading is the best way of analysing what makes a good book. Notice what works and what doesnt, what you enjoyed and why. At first youll probably imitate your favourite writers, but thats a good way to learn. After a while, youll find your own distinctive voice.J.K. Rowling, On WritingDevelop disciplineAccording to Rowling, Moments of pure inspiration are glorious, but most of a writers life is, to adapt the old cliché, about perspiration rather than inspiration. Sometimes you have to write even when the muse isnt cooperating.The kind of discipl ine shes referring to means setting daily word count goals and sticking to them, even on days when you dont feel particularly inspired. And Rowling isnt the only one. Hemingway was said to have written between 500 and 1,000 words a day, and Stephen King sets 2,000 words a day as his goal. Simply putâ€"if you wait for inspiration to strike before you write, youll likely never get a novel written.Writing a best-seller requires discipline and a daily word count goal. Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.Have resilience and humilityIf there is anyone who understands the pay-off of resilience, its a writer worth billions who began her best work while living below the poverty line. But along with resilience, she notes that humility is just as important, and the two often go hand-in-hand.…Rejection and criticism are part of a writers life. Informed feedback is useful and necessary, but some of the greatest writers were rejected multiple times. Being able to pick yourself up and keep going is inval uable if youre to survive your work being publicly assessed. The harshest critic is often inside your own head. These days, I can usually calm that particular critic down by feeding her a biscuit and giving her a break, although in the early days I sometimes had to take a week off before shed take a more kindly view of the work in progress. Part of the reason there were seven years between having the idea for Philosophers Stone and getting it published, was that I kept putting the manuscript away for months at a time, convinced it was rubbish.J.K. Rowling, On WritingHave courageIn the middle of receiving criticism and rejection from all sides, it takes a lot of courage for a writer to continue the extensive work that is required to create a manuscriptâ€"something out of nothing and without the promise of publication and payout. For many, the fear of failure can be overwhelming enough to put down the pen (or close the laptop) and stop writing for good.Thats why courage is so importan t for any writers journey. Rowling puts it like this:Fear of failure is the saddest reason on earth not to do what you were meant to do. I finally found the courage to start submitting my first book to agents and publishers at a time when I felt a conspicuous failure. Only then did I decide that I was going to try this one thing that I always suspected I could do, and, if it didnt work out, well, Id faced worse and survived. Ultimately, wouldnt you rather be the person who actually finished the project youre dreaming about, rather than the one who talks about always having wanted to?J.K. Rowling, On WritingThink independentlyAs with being willing to break the rules, thinking for yourself will set you on the right course to writing bestselling novels that readers cant get enough of. Unless youre attempting to write a formulaic story that wont stand out from the pack, allowing others to think for you in the process is a mistake. Rowling suggests to resist the pressure to think you hav e to follow all the Top Ten Tips religiously, which these days take the form not just of online lists, but of entire books promising to tell you how to write a bestseller/what you MUST do to be published/how to make a million dollars from writing.She also suggests a website called Writer Beware, noting that its a great resource for new and aspiring authors to learn what services are worth paying for and what should be avoided at all costs.Ultimately, in writing as in life, your job is to do the best you can, improving your own inherent limitations where possible, learning as much as you can and accepting that perfect works of art are only slightly less rare than perfect human beings. Ive often taken comfort from Robert Benchleys words: It took me fifteen years to discover I had no talent for writing, but I couldnt give it up, because by that time I was too famous.J.K. Rowling, On WritingUse worldbuilding to immerse your readerJ.K. Rowlings fantastical world of wizards and witches is more than the characters within it. Its a unique, well-thought-out setting that translated into a distinctive, memorable setting for top-grossing movies and even a theme park called The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, which is now open at Universal Studios Hollywood.Rowling created a world that was immersive enough to be made into a theme park. Photo by Troy Jarrell on Unsplash.Rowling achieved this through details spanning seemingly mundane topics, from what wizards and witches ate to the curiosity of moving photographs that graced their newspapers. In zooming in on these details, Rowling helped readers become immersed in a world that is vastly different than that of the muggles (or non-magical folks).Use gerunds in dialogue tags, varied sentence length, and simple verbsBeyond advice and toward stylistic choices, author J.H. Trumble looks at Rowlings style and tone to determine exactly how she manages to cast a spell on her readers and make them hungry for more. He notes that Row ling uses the following writing methods:Extensive use of semicolonsThe serial commaDialog tags that usually precede the name of the character speaking, but following if she wants to include an adverb (Hermione said brightly or he said feebly).Adverbs used sparinglyUnderstated humorUnderstated emotion, avoiding melodramaEllipsesDashes to show interrupted dialogParenthesisParticipial phrases employing the -ing form of verbs--used after a dialog tag to indicate what the character is doing. Examples: said Mrs. Weasley, beaming at him, said Mrs. Weasley, watching him anxiously, said Hermione, hurrying into the kitchen, He said feebly, pointing toward the window.Varied sentence lengthTension created mostly through observation and action, with introspection kept to a minimum. (She ignored this. He could not blame her.)Simple verb choicesStraightforward description with little to no commentary (almost cinematic and what youd expect a camera to pick up)Wingardium leviosaAs Rowlings own past shows, crafting a great story involves finding your own path as a storyteller and walking it with courage, determination, and discipline. Wingardium leviosa, one of the favored spells from Harry Potters world, causes levitationâ€"and thats exactly what has to happen to put a spell on your readers. Focus on writing words and creating worlds that can rise from the page to become something other than mere words; make them come to life in the minds of your readers and your bestseller will be inevitable.

How to Write a GCSE Speech

How to Write a GCSE Speech At GCSE level students are often asked to write a speech and present it within certain time limit before their class. The speech has to be informative, grammatically and stylistically correct and compelling. As practice shows, some students get baffled on getting such a task, as they have little idea how to set about writing. However, given that they keep in mind some basic tips, they are sure to succeed. First of all, if you have an opportunity to choose the topic for your speech, focus on the areas that you are interested in, since it is always easier to speak about something you are accustomed with. As long as it meets your teacher’s requirements, it can be on virtually any topic imaginable. In case you are given a particular subject, it would be a good idea to brainstorm the topic and gather material from various sources – Internet, magazines and books. It will help you single out the arguments that you should include in your speech. When writing your speech, ensure it has a clear-cut structure – introduction, main body and conclusion, as this pattern is logical and easy to follow. Address the audience directly and remember that a little bit of humor is always appreciated, since it helps to jerk up the listeners. Avoid using too long sentences and a lot of scientific terms, or you will lose your audience. Lastly, ensure that the first sentences of your introduction capture the interest and that your conclusion reaches a certain aim – to call for action or entertain. All in all, do your best to prepare a speech that is both engaging and well-reasoned. Most importantly, however, practise your speech at home and try not to read it, as there is nothing worse than a monotonous presentation!

tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in...

Confronting Colonialism in A Tempest A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s The Tempest. He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story. Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives. Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare’s The Tempest because he interprets it from the perspective of the colonized and raises a conflict with Shakespeare as an icon of the literary canon. In The Tempest by William Shakespeare one might argue that colonialism is a reoccurring†¦show more content†¦Prospero, Trinculo and Stephano seek power assuming that no one will be able to triumph over them. Prospero later supports the theme of colonialism when he introduces the idea for Miranda and Ferdinand to go back to Europe and rule. This relates to the external influence that Europe had on the colonized areas although some leaders withdrew from the island. This adds to the controversy of colonization in The Tempest. The primary reason that colonization in The Tempest has become controversial is because Shakespeare directly relates it to reforming the â€Å"savage† natives of a land that is undiscovered by Europeans. It has also been suggested that Shakespeare’s The Tempest was directly influenced by a publication and three pamphlets that were widely known and were circulating during the time that The Tempest was written that give a detailed account on a storm that prevented the arrival of colonists to Virginia in 1609 (Hawkes). The â€Å"Sea Adventure† was a fleet that carried the admiral Sir John Somers and the future governor of Virginia Sir George Somers and was separated from the other eight ships by a fierce storm off the coast of Bermuda. This relates to Shakespeare’s The Tempest in that the ship had Alonso, king of Naples and Ferdinand the prince of Naples along with other noblemen. The Tempest also relates to the story of the â€Å"Sea Adventure† by the description of the island that the shipwrecked men land in. William Strachey, who writes the letter about the

Letter Letter From A Graduate Program - 1646 Words

Leslie Perez Cazarez CHM 121.02 Dear Friend in Australia: In this paper I will address my major, potential minor, rule of chemistry in my future endeavors. A year ago I started conducting a research when I started applying to colleges. I did this research to figure out what universities were my top choices and what majors I was interesting in. I looked up Spanish majors, Engineering, Business, and I found this cool major, Food Science and Technology. I have to tell you that this is one of the coolest majors I have heard of. Not many universities offer this major so I looked up what schools offered this major and that they were nearby because I did not want to go too far away from home and guess what? Remember how I told I wanted to be a†¦show more content†¦First I want to start with Food Science. This is the application of science and technology to the manufacturing, production, processing, product development, packaging, preparation, evaluation, distribution, utilization, and safety of food products. Food Science studies everythi ng that happens to food from the time it leaves the farm, field, or waters until, we, the consumers buy it. Doesn’t it sound like an interesting major? And let me keep explaining you. Food scientists learn how to apply chemistry, engineering, microbiology, biochemistry, and other basic and applied sciences, toxicology, and management as well as industrial and practical aspects to the production, development, processing, preservation, evaluation, distribution, storage, sanitation, and marketing of foods. Great right? Next I want to tell you a little bit more about Culinology. Culinology is the blending of culinary arts and food science and technology (fresnostate.edu). Culinologists are specialized food scientists who develop new food products for food companies, they work in a variety of food processing and culinary settings (fresnostate.edu) which to me, it sounds like the perfect job. But I have also found out on my research how with a Food Science and Technology degree I c an work for the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) or the USDA

Somalias Struggle for Power Essay example - 1524 Words

Somalia’s struggle for power to establish a sovereign Somali state has raised international concerns of terrorism, piracy, human trafficking and famine causing instability locally and throughout the Horn of Africa. Although U.S. backed Somali Federal Government (SFG) has had some recent success against the al Qaeda (AQ) linked al-Shabaab, Somalia continue to face local and regional border disputes. Somalia has historically relied on outside actors who later abandoned Somalia due to a shift in foreign policy and interest. This paper will prove that the power for struggle in Somalia is the root cause of instability in Somalia and throughout the Horn of Africa. This will be explored by examining Somali’s regional relations, U.S and†¦show more content†¦Ethiopia’s armed responses only strengthen Mohammed’s cause in the Ogaden region. The Mad Mohammed’s Dervish campaigns lasted from 1899 – 1904, until the British, and Ethiopian troops, an d Somali’s who were against Mohammed’s Dervish tactics, mounted various successful campaigns against Mohammed (Gorman, 1981). With Mohammed’s strength nearly eliminated, he agreed to a peace deal in 1904. Mohammed and his followers were allowed to settle in the northern part of Italian Somalia where he was recognized as the ruler by the Europeans. Regardless of the peace deal, Mohammed’s cause began to draw support from other Somali tribes and the fighting continued until his natural death in 1920. Like Gran, Mohammed had failed to unite Somali clans; however the two Somali nationalists have laid a physiological impact on Somali’s against Ethiopians and foreigners involved with the Somali power struggle (Gorman, 1981) (Ottaway, 1982). Later British Somalia and Italian Somalia joined to form the Republic of Somalia in June 1960. Somali’s now could claim statehood. During the early years of independence, tensions continued over contested area s in the Northern Front District with Kenya and in the Ogaden with Ethiopia. (Gorman, 1981) (Ottaway, 1982) As Somalia looked to establish itself as a country they allied with Russia to help build Somalia’s Military, which led to a military coup in 1969. Following the military coup, Somalia wasShow MoreRelatedSomali The Somali Banking System1456 Words   |  6 Pagesreconstruct itself 2. Because of this, counterfeit currency makes up a sizable proportion of the money in circulation, and most Somalis rely on remittances transferred from family members abroad to survive. In fact, it is estimated that around 45% of Somalia’s economy is made up of these remittances that come from places like Kenya, Ethiopia, and the United States, where large populations of Somali refugees and immigrants currently live3. Not surprisingly, the lack of a banking system has led to currencyRead More The Collapse of Somalia and Economic Considerations Essay4780 Words   |  20 Pages By African standards, Somalia is a homogenous state made up of a single ethnicity, religion and culture. This led to a relatively peaceful history until Somalia was colonized by the British, French, and Italians in the 19th century. However, Somalia’s single ethnicity is broken into different clans, and sub-clans and this region’s lack of natural resources led to a fracturing of society, violence, and eventually civil war at the end of the 20th century. Despite the deterioration of society andRead MoreIrregular Warfare Strategy for Somalia696 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The use of Irregular Warfare has been ongoing for years around the world. Irregular warfare is described as a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations. I will discuss where the U.S. may apply military force in conjunction with other means of national power to stabilize the nation of Somalia. I will also discuss why it would be considered as an Irregular Warfare environment. Body Somalia gained its independence fromRead More20th Century Somalia1656 Words   |  7 Pagesthe longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. It is made up of the former British Protectorate of Somaliland and Italy’s former Trust Territory of Somalia. Somalia’s modern history began in the late 1800’s, when European powers began to trade and settle in the Somalia area. These events and the events that occurred during the 20th century helped shape the modern Somalia government and culture today. In 1886, the British gained control overRead MoreState Instability in Somalia4149 Words   |  17 Pagesdeath of hundreds of thousands of civilians due to the clan based Somali Civil War as well as violent conflict between the countries two Islamic sects. A bitter US invasion which resulted in the famed Black Hawk occurrence only served to aggravate Somalia’s ties with international community. With over 1 million displaced citizens, peacekeepers from the United Nations, the United States and Europe, the African Union, among others, have intervened in the conflict, at times with slight success, but haveRead MoreEssay on Al-Shabaab: African Terrorist Organization1834 Words   |  8 Pagesas they have the motive to gain power over a territory by overthrowing the government. The Al-Shabaab is suspected to have taken part in many terrorist attacks, including the 1998 United States embassies bombings. The motive behind their violence is their goal of creating an Islamic state in Somalia, which they believe is morally justified by the ideological beliefs. An important psychological factor behind their violence is the struggle to gain power over Somalia’s regions and the death of theirRead MoreFailed States and Civil Wars: Somalia Essay2379 Words   |  10 Pagesanarchy and civil war. Early Somalia established itself as a merchant state. Its key geographical location by the natural strait between the Horn of Africa and Yemen made it a focal point for trade.This essay will explore the history of internal struggles of the Somalilands and its many wars. It will investigate the colonial influences and conflicts between Somalia and its imperial occupiers and how these influences set the stage for future conflicts between the clans. Also, it will attempt to defineRead MoreDeveloping Countries Research Paper2963 Words   |  12 Pagesof Africa. It is bordered by Kenya in the south, Ethiopia in the west and Gulf of Aden to the north. It covers a land mass similar to the size of Texas and it is mostly flat. In order to acutely understand this land, it is necessary to trace Somalia’s turbulent history. There are few written accounts of Ancient Somalia as this knowledge was mainly passed on verbally. However, inhabitant’s existence can be linked as far back as 2200 B.C. when nomads roamed the region. Early on this area wasRead MoreThe Oppression of Women1323 Words   |  5 Pagestheir ancestries until they find a common forefather. Ayaan Hirsi Ali’s father, Hirsi Magan Isse, was an important member of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front. Soon after being born, her father was imprisoned after voicing his opposing views on Somalia’s Siad Barre government. Her grandmother raught her the importance of her background but also, the life Ayaan would be forced to live. Women in Islam are guided under the personal law by the Quaran. These laws and customs in their culture impactRead MoreThe Influence of Ethiopia on Regional Stability in the Horn of Africa1800 Words   |  8 Pagesdiversity of sub-cultures due to the vast amount of beliefs, customs, and norms associated with each ethnic, religious, and tribal group. This diverse culture directly affects Ethiopia’s actions internally and toward surrounding HOA countries due to struggles with government stability and threat of revolutions. The displacement of hundreds of thousands of refugees along the Ethiopian borders further spread Ethiopian culture and people into other countries. Eritrea’s independence caused Ethiopia

Dream Interpretation Informative Speech Essay - 1675 Words

Name: Holly McCallen SPCH 2010-103 Informative Speech Date: TITLE: Dream Interpretation Type of Informative Speech: Speech Design: Categorical I. Introduction A. Attention Material: â€Å"Dreams feel weird while we are in them. It’s only when we wake up that we realize something was actually strange (Inception, the movie).† Have you ever been curious about what your dreams actually mean? B. Credibility material: There have been many times in my life where I have either woke up in the middle of the night from a horrible nightmare or woke up in the morning trying to recall my dreams. I have spent a lot of time researching what my dreams mean. C. Statement of Relevance: Dreams are something we all experience†¦show more content†¦Main Point #2: Facts about Dreams 1. Your body goes through 4 stages of sleep. REM (rapid eye movement) is the 4th stage and when you do most of your dreaming. â€Å"While you are dreaming, your body undergoes noticeable changes. Your adrenaline rises, your blood pressure increases, and you heart beats faster. Given this hyperactivity, it should be no surprise how someone with a weak heart can die in their sleep (dreammoods.com).† It usually takes 30-90 minutes to reach REM, a person goes in and out of REM 4-7 times a night. During REM your eyes rapidly move back and forth under the eyelids. Our bodies are completely immobile and muscles are relaxed. You may shift around in your sleep but when in REM you are completely still. 2. Dreammoods.com states that Researchers have found why dreaming is so important and if you do not enter the dream phase it causes irritability and anxiety. They performed a study, where they would wake up a person right before they entered the REM stage, and then let the person fall back asleep, and then wake them up again and do this several times during the night. They repeated this over several nights. They then observed the subjects doing everyday activities and found they were disoriented, crabby, and quick tempered. Dreaming is necessary and helps to recharge the mind and visualize the body. 3. Acc ording to the site BoredPanda.com, while someone is dreamingShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech793 Words   |  4 PagesA List of Informative Speech Topics: Pick Only Awesome Ideas! Just when you thing youre way past through the question How to write an essay?, another one comes. Thats the thing students desperately Google like What is a informative speech? – and, believe experts, this is something youll definitely need some professional help in. Informative speaking is a speech on completely new issue. Tell your audience something they have never known! Now that you know the answer to the question â€Å"WhatRead MoreHow Art Is Art As An Individual s Recreation Of Nature1429 Words   |  6 Pagespainted) was a significant year in the United States in terms of racial tension and progress. 1963 was the height of the Civil Rights Movement and during this year Martin Luther King Jr. wrote his Letter from Birmingham Jail, delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream speech† and John F. Kennedy was assassinated. During this year, many events also took place with the Feminist Movement such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. These are just a few events that took place in 1963. ByRead MoreScholar Critic1446 Words   |  6 PagesNovelty for the sake of novelty is not and should not be the aim of the researcher. Bateson is not at his best as a theorist and the least satisfactory of his chapters â€Å"Sense of Fact†, â€Å"The literary object†, â€Å"Works of Reference†, â€Å"Style†, â€Å"Interpretation† and â€Å"Literary History.† Bateson borrowed the phrase â€Å"Sense of Fact† from T. S. Eliot. Beginning with the discussion of research from undergraduate studies, Bateson moves on to distinguish research and criticism - the two essential qualitiesRead MoreAn Example Of Genus Deliberativum Essay1891 Words   |  8 Pages Out of the three genus causarum: genus deliberativum, genus indiciale, and genus demonstrativum, I argue that Williamson’s speech is an example of genus deliberativum. According to Roland Barthes’ rhetorical tree, there are six attributes assigned to the oratorical genres: audience, end, subject, time, reasoning, commonplaces. For the deliberative genre, the audience is members of an assembly,† the end is â€Å"to persuade/dissuade,† the subject is â€Å"useful/harmful,† the time is â€Å"future,† the reasoningRead MoreInformative Speech on Dreams Essay3661 Words   |  15 PagesTitle/Topic: Dream Interpretation General Purpose: An informative presentation. Specific Purpose: The purpose of this speech is to inform the audience about the deeper significance of dreams, with the goal of allowing them to find meaning in their own dreams. Thesis Statement: Dream interpretation is important because it allows us to see the exactly what a dream is, to find significance in our dreams, and to face our subconscious problems. INTRODUCTION II. (Reveal Topic) A dream is amazingRead MoreQuestions On Semantics And Pragmatics8833 Words   |  36 Pagesapplication of general principles of interpreting acts, applied to the Sub-case of communicative acts, and more particularly, Verbal communicative†.2 3) â€Å"Pragmatics studies how people comprehends and produces a communicative act or speech act in a concrete, a speech situation which is usually a conversation†.3 4) â€Å"Pragmatics is the study of the relation of signs to interpreters†. (Charles Morris 1938) 3 5) â€Å"Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choices of language in social interactionRead MoreQuestions and Answers Regarding Artificial Intelligence Essays2029 Words   |  9 PagesUnderstanding will be helpful in creation of new and informative intelligent tools for use in different industries and academia. Just as the invention of the internal combustion engine and the development of machines like airplanes resulted in unprecedented enhancement of the mobility of our species, the tools resulting from AI research are already beginning to extend human intellectual and creative capabilities in ways that our predecessors could only dream about. The evolutionaryRead MoreLanguage of Advertising and Communication Via Advertising16651 Words   |  67 Pages2.5. Comparative Advertising 31 2.6.Conclusion 33 Chapter 3. Pragmatic aspects of advertising 34 3.1. Pragmatics and Advertising 34 3.2. Concept of Appeal 37 3.3. Relational Aspects of Advertising 39 3.4. Speech Acts in Advertising 41 3.5. Conclusion 44 Conclusion 46 Bibliography 49 Appendix 52 Introduction The subject of this research is the analysis of the language of advertising and its relation to socialRead MoreLanguage of Advertising and Communication Via Advertising16638 Words   |  67 Pages23 2.5. Comparative Advertising 31 2.6.Conclusion 33 Chapter 3. Pragmatic aspects of advertising 34 3.1. Pragmatics and Advertising 34 3.2. Concept of Appeal 37 3.3. Relational Aspects of Advertising 39 3.4. Speech Acts in Advertising 41 3.5. Conclusion 44 Conclusion 46 Bibliography 49 Appendix 52 Introduction The subject of this research is the analysis of the language of advertising and its relation to social environmentRead MoreClassification of Literature3483 Words   |  14 Pageslanguage without rhyme or meter, either fiction or nonfiction.Prose is writing that resembles everyday speech. The word prose is derived from the Latin word, â€Å"prosa† which literally means straightforward. 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Entrepreneur Small Business Management Free Essays

Small Business Management 1. I think that entrepreneurship can be taught, because many of us exactly students had no experience with business and wish to learn about it, not the fact that all people will work on the specialty, but all of them need money to live, and one way to reach this goal is entrepreneurship. When it is taught, we already know from what to begin and we study on another’s examples as it is possible to avoid some problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneur: Small Business Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand it depends on the person how he can use this knowledge from lesson more efficiently for his firm. . It seems to me that our collegiate entrepreneurs face a lot of barriers with schedule or time management, because they need to pass their course while they control their own businesses. Also when person launching his own business and it’s connected with producing product, he need demand for his product, but nowadays a lot of customers do not wish to take if the goods are not so known and many of them have got used to take the checked up goods. Another point of barriers is stuff of employees it should be very responsible people. Of course every collegiate entrepreneur faces some financial obstacle because many of them invest their money, and they want to recover their money quicker, hence many of them look for new highly paid job as they want to be independent. 3. One advantage that collegiate entrepreneurs can do it’s very useful experience for future because they need to analyze will be this project profitable, use knowledge involving accounting, finance, management, marketing and so on also at the beginning it’s interesting will be a boss. As a student entrepreneur can take suggestion from teachers who provide to him advantageous information. Also lots of young people is very risky and they don’t afraid of launching business and their mind more creative and more fashionable. 4. I think that university can organize some special club for those people who want to begin their own business and invite people who really work as entrepreneurs, who can share their own experience with the other people How to cite Entrepreneur: Small Business Management, Essays

Child prostitution and pornography in Southeast As Essay Example For Students

Child prostitution and pornography in Southeast As Essay ia Child pornography and prostitution are two of the most disturbing issues in the world today. Millions of children, in virtually every country in the world, become victims of sexual exploitation. Access to child pornography and prostitution in Southeast Asia has increased during the 1990s due to the lack of government legislation and enforcement protecting children. Japan is the worlds global leader of child pornography on the Internet, whereas Thailand is famous for its sex tourism industry. Most if the children who fall victims to this horrible industry are forced by their parents to help pay off the family debt. Child pornography is the consequence of the exploitation or sexual abuse against a child. It can be defined as any means of depicting or promoting sexual abuse of a child, centered on a sexual act or the genital organs of children. It exists in three main forms, visual, audio and text. It is put to use by pedophiles as a tool to lower a childs inhibitions and by showing other children in pornographic poses, entice that child into compromising situations. These children range from a few months old to 18 years of age. It is these photographs, videotapes, films and magazines of children in sexual poses and acts that make up the multimillion dollar global world of child pornography. (Missing Children, 1997). Although child prostitution has been around for thousands of years, it has only achieved widespread recognition in the last few decades. One reason for its increasing popularity, especially overseas, is the nave belief that sex with a juvenile prostitute is safer than sex with an adult prostitute. On the contrary, children are more prone to sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea and HIV/AIDS, than adults. These children are victims of the most overlooked form of child abuse; they are vulnerable and crave attention, affection and love. (Missing Children, 1997). Prostitution is illegal in Thailand. Nevertheless, like all crime, it exists. Sexual intercourse with a minor is statutory rape and is punishable by imprisonment. In 1996, Thai laws were strengthened by new legislation, which significantly increased the penalties for those caught engaging in sex with a minor. The law targets customers, procurers, pimps, and owners and operators of brothels as well as parents who sell their children. The Thai law also provides for prison terms of up to ten years and heavy fines for anyone convicted of being involved in international commercial sex trade. The new legislation eased restrictions on the police, making it easier for them to enter and search suspected brothels and make arrests. The Royal Thai Government works closely with government and law enforcement agencies in other countries and with international organizations to attack the problem from the outside. Part of these efforts is aimed at preventing known sex offenders and publishers of pornography from entering Thailand. The Government monitors the activities of tour agents abroad who promote sex tours, in an attempt to prevent their customers from entering the country. Those who engage in sexual activity with minors are subject to arrest and imprisonment. The Thai police increased surveillance of suspected child molesters and have made numerous arrests resulting in convictions and long-term prison sentences. Information is now given to all tourists visiting Thailand advising them of the law and the penalties for violating it. The Royal Thai Government is committed to ending the problem of child prostitution. (Royal Thai Embassy, 1997). Poverty is the most important factor contributing to the growth of child prostitution. The International Labour Organization says that since the Asian financial crisis 2 years ago, children have increasingly become involved in dangerous and illegal activities such as prostitution and drug trafficking. (BBC News, 1999). .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 , .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .postImageUrl , .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 , .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55:hover , .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55:visited , .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55:active { border:0!important; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55:active , .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55 .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uccfa62e3900ab42e12a42c63342a0f55:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Equal Human Rights Essay UNICEF estimates that approximately 250,000 children are bought and sold for sex in Thailand alone. (BBC News, 1997). Many of these children do not see themselves as victims. Ten years ago parents forced most child prostitutes into it, now many volunteer. The victims are school children who want the money so they can live what they see as a luxurious lifestyle. (CNN, 1999) Japan is the worlds global-leader of child pornography on the Internet. Hundreds of pornographic images of children flood Internet sites with addresses ending in jp, .

Chinese Economic Reform (4504 words) Essay Example For Students

Chinese Economic Reform (4504 words) Essay Chinese Economic ReformTwo years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, it became apparent to many ofChinas leaders that economic reform was necessary. During his tenure as Chinaspremier, Mao had encouraged social movements such as the Great Leap Forward andthe Cultural Revolution, which had had as their base ideologies such as servingthe people and maintaining the class struggle. By 1978 Chinese leaderswere searching for a solution to serious economic problems produced by HuaGuofeng, the man who had succeeded Mao Zedong as Chinese Communist Party (CCP)leader after Maos death (Shirk 35). Hua had demonstrated a desire tocontinue the ideologically based movements of Mao. Unfortunately, thesemovements had left China in a state where agriculture was stagnant,industrial production was low, and the peoples living standards had notincreased in twenty years (Nathan, Andrew J. Chinas Crisis pg. 200). Thislast area was particularly troubling. While the gross output value ofindustry and agricul ture increased by 810 percent and national income grew by420 percent between 1952 and 1980; average individual income increased by only100 percent (Ma Hong quoted in Shirk, Susan L. The Political Logicof Economic Reform in China. Berkeley pg. 28). However, attempts ateconomic reform in China were introduced not only due to some kind of generosityon the part of the Chinese Communist Party to increase the populaces livingstandards. It had become clear to members of the CCP that economic reform wouldfulfill a political purpose as well since the party felt, properly it would seemthat it had suffered a loss of support. As Susan L. Shirk describes thesituation in The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, restoring theCCPs prestige required improving economic performance and raising livingstandards. The traumatic experience of the Cultural Revolution had erodedpopular trust in the moral and political virtue of the CCP. The partys leadersdecided to shift the base of party legitimacy from virtue to competence, and todo that they had to demonstrate that they could deliver the goods. This movementfrom virtue to competence seemed to mark a serious departure fromorthodox Chinese political theory. Confucius himself had posited in the fifthcentury BCE that those individuals who best demonstrated what he referred to asmoral force should lead the nation. Using this principle as a guide, China hadfor centuries attempted to choose at least its bureaucratic leaders byadministering a test to determine their moral force. After the Communisttakeover of the country, Mao continued this emphasis on moral force by demandingthat Chinese citizens demonstrate what he referred to as correctconsciousness. This correct consciousness could be exhibited, Maobelieved, by the way people lived. Needless to say, that which constitutedcorrect consciousness was often determined and assessed by Mao. Nevertheless,the ideal of moral force was still a potent one in China even after theCommunist ta keover. It is noteworthy that Shirk feels that the Chinese CommunistParty leaders saw economic reform as a way to regain their and their partysmoral virtue even after Maos death. Thus, paradoxically, by demonstrating theirexpertise in a more practical area of competence, the leaders of the CCP feltthey could demonstrate how they were serving the people. To be sure, the movetoward economic reform came about as a result of a changed domestic andinternational environment, which altered the leaderships perception of thefactors that affect Chinas national security and social stability (Xu,Zhiming. The Impact of Chinas Reform and Development on the OutsideWorld. pg. 247). But Shirk feels that, in those pre-Tienenmen days, such amove came about also as a result of an attempt by CCP leaders to demonstrate, ina more practical and thus less obviously ideological manner than Mao had done,their moral force. This is not to say that the idea of economic reform wasembraced enthusiastically by all members of the leadership of the ChineseCommunist Party in 1978. To a great extent, the issue of economic reform becamepoliticized as the issue was used as a means by Deng Xiaoping to attain theleadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Maos successor, Hua Guofeng, hadtried to prove himself a worthy successor to Mao by draping himself in themantle of Maoist tradition. His approach to economic development was orthodoxMaoism with an up-to-date, international twist (Shirk 35). This approachwas tied heavily to the development of Chinas oil reserves. When, in1978, estimates of the oil reserves were revised downward, commitments to importplants and expand heavy industry could not be sustained (Shirk 35). Dengtook advantage of this economic crisis to discredit Hua and aim for leadershipof the party. Reform policies became Dengs platform against Hua forpost-Mao leadership (Shirk 36). Given this history of economic reform, itis evident that under the present system economic questions arenece ssarily political questions (Dorn, James A. Pricing andProperty: The Chinese Puzzle. pg. 43). Once Deng and his faction hadprevailed, it was necessary for some sort of economic reform to evolve. Theinitial form the new economy took was not a radical one. China was still astate in which the central government retained the dominant power in economicresource allocation and responsible local officials worked for the interest ofthe units under their control (Solinger, Dorothy J. Chinas Transitionfrom Socialism: Statist Legacies and Market Reforms pg. 103). However, as timepassed, some basic aspects of the old system were altered either by design orvia the process of what might be called benign neglect. As Shirk points out, inrural areas, decollectivization was occurring: decision making power wasbeing transferred from collective production units (communes, brigades, andteams) to the family (38); purchase prices for major farm products wereincreased (39). In 1985, further reforms were int roduced. For example, long-termsales contracts between farmers and the government were established. Inaddition, in an effort to allow the market to determine prices, cityprices of fruit and vegetables, fish, meat, and eggs, were freed from governmentcontrols so they could respond to market demand (Shirk 39). Mostimportantly, a surge of private and collective industry and commerce inthe countryside (Shirk 39) occurred. This allowed a great percentage ofthe populace to become involved in private enterprise and investment in familyor group ventures. The conditions also allowed rural Chinese to leave thevillages and become involved in industry in urban centers (Shirk 40). Theeconomy grew so quickly that inflation occurred and the government had toreinstitute price controls. Chinas economy retains these characteristics ofpotential for growthand inflationto this day. Another important aspect ofChinese economic reform was the decision of China to join the world economy. Deng Xiaoping and his allies hoped to effect this 1979 resolution in two ways:by expanding foreign trade, and by encouraging foreign companies to invest inChinese enterprises. This policydenoted the Open Policy (Shirk47)was a drastic removal from the policies of Mao Zedong and, in fact, fromcenturies of Chinese political culture. The Open Policy, which designatedlimited areas in China as places with preferential conditions for foreigninvestment and bases for the development of exports (Nathan 99), wasextremely successful in the areas where it was implemented (Shirk 47). However,it was looked upon by many Chinese as nothing less than an avenue toeconomic dependency (Nathan 50). Indeed, when the policy was firstimplemented, many Chinese seemed to fear that Dengs policies were drawing Chinaback toward its former semi-colonial status as a market where theimperialist countries dump their goods, a raw material base, a repair andassembly workshop, and an investment center. (Nathan 51). It i sinteresting to note the symptoms of a national character that would subscribe tothe above sentiment. In an article written in 1981, just two years after theOpen Policy was first proposed, Andrew J. Nathan noted the almost pathologicalresistance to foreign intervention in the Chinese economy: Some Chinesefear that reliance on imported technology will encourage a dependent psychology Many Chinese perceive joint ventures as a costly form of acquisition. Somepeople worry: Wont we be suffering losses by letting foreigners make profits inour country?' (52). The Chinese were as vociferous about issues ofsovereignty. Nathan maintained that the Mao-led revolution, which culminated invictory in 1949, had been fueled by an intense patriotism: once Chinahad stood up, no infringement on its sovereignty, no matter how small, shouldbe permitted (53). These feelings were manifested in denying foreignbusinessmen long-term, multiple entry visas, resisting increased foreigneconomic contacts and alte ration of current ways of doing things, anddisinclination to become involved in government-to-government loans and jointventures lest Chinese become exploited in some way (Nathan 53-55). Given thesehesitancies on the part of the Chinese society vis-a-vis foreign relations, itis impressive that Deng and his allies were able initially to create andimplement the Open Policy since many members of the society at large wereresistant to becoming involved in a policy so antithetical to the Chinesenational character. However, once the successes of the Open Policy wereapparent, resistance to the plan by the populace waned. Moreover, given theconfluence of politics and economics in China, it seems apparent that somemembers of the CCP would also not be in favor of the plan. Nevertheless, theOpen Policy was implemented and has become instrumental in the success of theburgeoning Chinese economy. The implementation of the Open Policy was sosuccessful that by 1988 the leaders of the CCP were encour aged to create a newprogram called the coastal development strategy. In this program,even more of the country was opened up to foreign investmentan area that, atthe time, included nearly 200 million people. Moreover, by involving moreoverseas investors, importing both capital and raw materials, andexporting Chinas cheap excess labor power, the new policy was oneof export-led growth or export-oriented industrialization. It wasexplicitly modeled on the experiences of Taiwan and the other Asian smalldragons' (Nathan 99). One analyst has maintained that China nowstands at the threshold of the greatest opportunity in human history: a neweconomic era promising greater wealth and achievement than any previousepoch (Gilder 369). Illustrative of this optimistic feeling is Shanghai,an area that was designated for preferential conditions for foreign investmentand as a base for the development of exports in 1988. This city and environs inthe Yangtze Delta area have a population of approximately 400 million people andthe city has become the nations financial hub for international and nationalinvestors. For political reasons, this area was excluded from the original OpenPolicy designation in 1978, but is currently in the process of catching up withother areas so designated. Indeed, the increase in foreign investments in thelast two years is striking. The area received 3.3 billion dollars in foreigninvestments during the 1980s. The area received the same amount from foreigninvestments in 1992 alone. In only the first ten months of 1993, the area hadreceived over six billion dollars worth of foreign investments (Tyler, PatrickE. Economic Focus in Shanghai: Catching Up. sct. A8). Westernanalysts have asserted that the Open Policy and the coastal development strategyhave allowed Deng to entrench his political power (Shirk 47) and will allow hispower to be sustained even after death. If this is true, Deng should be verypopular in Shanghai. With its new designation, and with the billions of foreigndollars coming into the area, it has become necessary to improve the citysfacilities. To that end forty billion dollars worth of public works projectshave been allocated by the central government for Shanghai within the last year(Tyler A1). These public works projects include new sewers, a new water system,new gas lines, a new bridge, and extensive roadwork. Future plans include theconstruction of a second international airport, a container port, a new subwaysystem, and more roads and bridges (Tyler A8). China and foreign investors in ajoint venture are also rebuilding the financial district, which will feature anew stock exchange. By being designated for preferential conditions, Shanghaireceived from the central government tax exemptions for enterprises doingbusiness with foreign companies, tax holidays for new factories set up withforeign investments, and a bonded zonethe largest in Chinafor duty freeimports of raw materials. Shanghai now has all the trappings o f a modern city:discos, construction projects, and conspicuous consumption. In short, whererevered monuments and golden arches exist side by side (Riboud,Marc. China Leaps Upward. pg. 12), the appearance of the newShanghai does nothing less than signal the end of the ideological debateover Chinas free market experiments (Tyler A8). Shanghai has joined theranks of the modern metropolis. However, this is not necessarily a beneficialdevelopment. Inflation is rampant: prices have doubled in the industrial zonesin the last five years. Nevertheless, the fact that Shanghai currently possessesthe fifth most expensive office space in the world demonstrates that demand ishigh and that the prospects for future growth are promising (Tyler A8). Indeed,Pudong, a free export-manufacturing zone described as the future sight ofShanghais Manhattan (Tyler A8) boasts more than twenty factories built orbeing built with names like Siemens and Hitachi prominent. This area has becomeparticularly attractive to foreign investors and companies because of its taxconcessions, duty free imports of raw materials, and cheap labor. Shanghaistands to benefit, too, as it receives ancillary technology and discretionaryspending from the workers and executives of the companies represented (TylerA8). It is conditions like these that have caused at least one analyst topredict that China will be the richest economy in the world within thenext 25 years (Gilder 372). Shanghai is by no means unique to this growth. Airbags Essay14). Such non-compliance could make it difficult for China to become a foundingmember of the World Trade Organization, the successor to the General Agreementon Tariffs and Trade and the body that is intended to promote global free tradeby lowering tariffs and other barriers, which will be formally constituted onJanuary 1, 1994. (Gargan 14) The specific nature of the United States complainthas to do with Chinas pirating of musical compact disks, video laser disks andcomputer software. In fact, it is estimated that such pirating costs Americancompanies a billion dollars a year. This phenomenon seems to have to do with theChinese psychology as described by Nathan. In his 1981 essay he noted that Chinadid not wish to become a technological client of the west. The preferredsolution is to buy one item and copy it (Nathan 52). Clearly, this is notthe way trade works today. It is the United States position that China mustadhere to the rules of trade before it can be included i n a trade organization. Needless to say, exclusion from WTO would be disastrous for any country, butparticularly for an emerging market such as China. Even on a day to day basis,Chinas economic leaders seem unable to understand how some aspects of a marketeconomy work. In discussing the status of the Shanghai Stock Market, forexample, one stock dealer referred to it as crazy (StocksSurge D2). Moreover, American analysts have been amazed to discover in theShanghai market the lack of regulation and the poor disclosurerequirements. Some companies have been listed for two or three years and havenot issued an annual report (Hansell, D2). It is no wonder that Chineseinvestors become anxious about their investments. The issuance of shares in theShandong Huaneng Power Development Company also demonstrates the lack ofexpertise on the part of the Chinese in the modern world market. In fact,according to one Hong Kong investment analyst, the company wasnt reallya company. It was just a bunch of discrete plants that the y tied a bow aroundand wrote a prospectus on' (Zuckerman D6). The prospectus guaranteed afifteen percent annual return on investments. In fact, the return will no doubtbe less than that because of prevailing currency exchange rates and debt thatthe company will have to assume. To be sure, the problems of the ShandongHuaneng Power Development Company and the Shanghai Stock Exchange maydemonstrate only the problems of an immature economy. Nevertheless, if Chinawishes to become a viable member of the world economic community, suchshortcomings will have to be eliminated quickly. These apparent problems mayalso be the result of an economic system that is run by the state. Certainly,one thing that the CCP has attempted to do is create a market economy whileretaining a state controlled system. This structure may be possible but it doeshave its critics. Steven N.S. Cheung, in an essay written in 1989, argued forthe creation of private property by mandate (31), feeling thatprivatization in C hina would lead to necessary additional investment in thesocietys infrastructure and the establishment of a judicial system thatis based firmly on the principle of equality before the law (Cheung,Steven N.S. Privatization vs. Special Interests: The Experience of ChinasEconomic Reforms. pg. 32-250). Echoing Cheungs sentiments, James Dorn sawproblems in the areas of Chinese banking and finance. In this arrangement, Dornargued, the state controls the bulk of investment resources. The lack of aprivate capital market has handicapped economic development in China andhampered rational investment decision making (43). In order to become amodern economic state Dorn argued for the necessity of circumventingChinas ruling elite who oppose the dismantling of state monopolies andwho benefit from price fixing and non-price rationing (51). Xu Zhimingalso saw the necessity for a revamping of the Chinese system: We mustthrow off the traditional system completely (249) in order for economicreform to t hrive. Communist Party members, of course, articulate a differentposition. In a recent interview that appeared in the Beijing Review, Feng Bing,Deputy Secretary-General of the State Commission for Restructuring the EconomicSystem, spoke to the issue of economic reform in China. It is striking that Fengspoke of the benefits that the populace has received as a result of the economicreform now occurring in China. That is, his comments appeared to demonstrate thebeneficence, or the moral force, of the Chinese Communist Party vis-a-viseconomic reform. He noted that such reform involves the essence of socialism:to liberate and develop productive forces; to eradicate exploitation; toremove polarization; and to attain the goal of common prosperity(Official on Economic Reform. Beijing Review: pg. 12). Thus, CCPleaders still appear to see their roles as representatives of a moral force. CCPmembers and leaders wish economic reform not to be judged on just its practicalmerits, but also as an e ffect of the moral force of the leadership. Economicreform, then, becomes nothing less than a moral crusade and it is thus easy tosee why, for example, China has staked its national prestige on becoming afounding member of the World Trade Organization (Gargan, pg. 14). WillChina succeeds in taking its place among the nations of the world market? Willthe CCP succeed in retaining its political power given the drastic changes inthe societal makeup of China that are occurring due to the changing economicrealities? I would suggest that the chances are better for the former than forthe latter. Once the Chinese attain more sophistication relative tointernational and national markets, institute a more manageable banking system,and make a good faith effort to insure acceptable human rights, the country maywell become the richest economy in the world within the next 25years (Gilder pg. 372). However, whether or not these conditions can occurwithout a weakening of the state-controlled system i s problematic. The mostimpressive and far-reaching display of moral force by the CCP may well have tobe a voluntary reduction of its power over the people. Paradoxically, byweakening itself politically, the party may demonstrate its true moral force byliberating, politically and economically, one billion Chinese citizens. BibliographyBoeing Planning to Invest $100 Million for China Plant. New YorkTimes: 9 August 1994, D4. Bradsher, Keith. Bill to Restrict ChinasImports Loses in House. New York Times: 10 August 1994, A7. Cheung, StevenN.S. Privatization vs. Special Interests: The Experience of ChinasEconomic Reforms. Economic Reform in China: Problems and Prospects. Ed. James A. Dorn and Wang Xi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 21-32. China cracks down on dissent after trade threat lifted, report says.Hartford Courant: 29 July 1994, A13. China Stock Is Most Active. NewYork Times: 5 August 1994, D5. Dorn, James A. Pricing and Property: TheChinese Puzzle. Economic Reform in China: Problems and Prospects. Ed. James A. Dorn and Wang Xi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 39-61. Du Pont Plans Increase In Chinese Investment. New York Times: 10August 1994, D2. Gargan, Edward A. U.S. May Thwart Chinas TradeGoal. New York Times: 24 July 1994, 14. Gilder, George. Let aBillion Flowers Bloom. Economic Reform in China: Problems and Prospects. Ed. James A. Dorn and Wang Xi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 369-374. Hansell, Saul. Chinese Stock Markets Bounce Back, Rising30%. New York Times: 2 August 1994, D2. Nathan, Andrew J. Chinas Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Official on EconomicReform. Beijing Review: 27 June- 3 July 1994, 11-15. Riboud, Marc. China Leaps Upward. New York Times Magazine: 27 December 1992,12-15. Shenon, Philip. A Nail-Biting Ride in Shanghai. New YorkTimes: 6 August 1994, 33, 41. Shenon, Philip. China Halts Listing of NewStock. New York Times: 1 August 1994, D1, D4. Shirk, Susan L. ThePolitical Logic of Economic Reform in China. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1993. Solinger, Dorothy J. Chinas Transition from Socialism: StatistLegacies and Market Reforms, 1980-1990. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993. Stocks Surge in China As Volume Sets Record. New York Times: 9August 1994, D2.

Endangered Species Issue in the United States

Pesticide Using Essays

Pesticide Using Essays Pesticide Using Essay Pesticide Using Essay except the control. In one civilization, his cells were exposed to nil ( control ) , in another civilization, the cells were merely exposed to growing factor. In the 3rd civilization, he had cells exposed to growing factor and bifenthrin, and in the last civilization, he had cells exposed to growing factor, bifenthrin, and to 2ug/ml PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin. During this portion of the experiment, note that he added all the constituents to the civilization at the same clip, right when the cells were seeding. Weeks found that cells with NGF did turn and widen neurites ( B ) . Cells with NGF and bifenthrin ( BiF ) did non bring forth as many neurites ( C ) , and cells with NGF, bifenthrin, PolicosanolPlus ( P ) and Neuroprevin ( NT ) , really did bring forth neurites ( D ) ! Adding PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin at the same clip as bifenthrin to the cells, masked bifenthrin s inhibiting ability, and in bend led to the growing of neurites. The below is a image, which illustrates this. A is the control civilization. Over a 72 hr period, Weeks found the same decision. 55 % of the cells with NGF extended neurites. Merely 3 % of the cells treated with bifenthrin and NGF had neurites. Cells with either PolicosanolPlus or Neuroprevin or a combination of the two exhibited the same consequences, that there were 46-51 % of cells that had neurite formation and extension. two demonstrates this below. It can be seen that the bulk of neurites formed when there was NGF, and the nutraceutical addendums present. The undermentioned tendency can be seen: NGF, along with PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin, prevent the inhibiting effects of bifenthrin. Note that during this full experiment, the cells were still feasible, it s merely the neurites that were affected by the pesticide and addendums. Dr. Weeks did another experiment, where he changed the manner he added the variables. At cell seeding, he merely added NGF and PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin, intending in all the civilizations he added the growing factor. He left one civilization with merely growing factor as the control, another civilization with growing factor and PolicosanolPlus, another with Neuroprevin and NGF, in the 4th one another there was both PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin and NGF, and in the last one, there was merely growing factor which was traveling to be used subsequently on. 24 hours after the cells seeded, Dr. Weeks added bifenthrin to all the civilizations except the control. In the last civilization, he found that NGF did non dissemble the effects of bifenthrin, and alternatively bifenthrin caused a lessening in neurite formation and extension, which was besides shown in two, when the NGF and bifenthrin were added together. After 72 hours, he saw that merely 5 % of the cells had neurites in thi s civilization. With the PolicosanolPlus + NGF, Neuroprevin + NGF, PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin + NGF civilizations, he found that the addendums one time once more prevented neurite devolution and abjuration. 63-67 % of the cells contained neurites after 72 hours. four exemplifies these tendencies. Many scientists now think that exposure to pesticides may really be doing many neurodegenerative diseases in worlds. Dr. Weeks paper is merely one that supports this point. Industrial exposure to pesticides has ever been a concern, but what about family exposure? There are pesticides at place that we are exposed to mundane. Yes, companies have tried to do man-made pesticides, which seem to be less toxic. However, these man-made pesticides have shown that they truly are nt less toxic, and can do neurodegenerative disease merely as the extremely toxic one, possibly at a slower gait, but that s about it. At the same item, pesticides can non be disposed of. They do hold their advantages, such as eliminating insect-borne disease. Again, here comes in the double-edged blade. What do we make? A promising solution seems to be nutraceutical addendums, which allow pesticides to be without damaging nerve cells. These addendums help protect neurites and let them to organize even if when the pesticides try to suppress their formation. In footings of the environment, bifenthrin, compared to other pesticides is non so much of a job. It stays in the dirt and does nt fade out in H2O. It does bioaccumulate in birds, which lead to many birds deceasing, but overall, there has nt been another Silent Spring yet so as of now we are ok. How long that is traveling to last? No 1 knows. It s best to get down taking action right off. Additionally bifenthrin is stable, is nt every bit toxic as other pesticides, and does nt truly ache worlds if they are exposed to it a small. That does nt intend bifenthrin should ever be used. There should be alternate agencies to pesticides, or at least addendums that counter their effects. Plants Cited Fecko, Andrew. Environmental Fate of Bifenthrin. Publication. Web. lt ; www.pw.ucr.edu/textfiles/bifentn.pdf gt ; . Gbaruko, Benedict C. Organophosphate induced chronic neurotoxicity: Health, environmental and risk exposure issues in developing states of the universe. Frican Journal of Biotechnology 8 ( 2009 ) : 5137-141. Web. lt ; www.atlas.iviji.com/AJB/PDF/pdf2009/19Oct/Gbaruko % 20et % 20al.pdf gt ; Hougard, J. M. Bifenthrin: A Useful Pyrethroid Insecticide for Treatment of Mosquito Nets. Publication. Web. lt ; www.emerald.qld.gov.au/Temp_Documents/Hougard.pdf gt ; . Neuroprevin. Advanced Labs. Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.innlabs.com/neuroprevin.html gt ; . Pesticide User s Guide. Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ohioline.osu.edu/b745/b745_4.html gt ; . Pyrethroids/ Pyrethrins. Safety Source for Pest Management. Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondpesticides.org/infoservices/pesticidefactsheets/toxic/pyrethroid.htm gt ; . Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifenthrin gt ; . Weeks, Benjamin, and A. Nandi. Bifenthrin causes neurite abjuration in the absence of cell decease: a theoretical account for pesticide associated neurodegeneration. 2006. Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16641870 gt ; . Weeks, Benjamin. PolicosanolPlus and NeuroprevinTM ameliorate pesticide-mediated suppression of neurite branch and neurite devolution. Med Sci Monit ( 2006 ) : 379-84. Hypertext transfer protocol: //cat.inist.fr/ ? aModele=afficheN A ; cpsidt=18443851. Web.

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China - Essay Example This started a continuing era of growth that is assessed periodically. Although the country strives for the economic growth there are factors that limit China's full economic growth. One factor that can be considered as the most influential cause of this state is the lack for political reform. Achieving the results that are aimed for such as the rapid economic growth requires the interplay of the different aspects in the nation most especially in governance. The process of launching this economic development requires changes both in the internal and the external factors. The external dynamics of economic growth includes the relation to other countries in terms of marketing products and other commercial transactions and trade. Internal factors on the other hand are lead by the reforms in the different aspects of the nation which is accompanied by the development in the government as well ("China: The four modernization"; Polonsky, Pucko, Warner, and Zhu). Through the development of China and its advancement in terms of the economic aspect, it can be viewed that there is an absence in the reform in the government. This is due the fact that China is socialist country that operates through a one party rule. This aspect had brought about both advantages and disadvantages to the nation. It can be viewed that through the success of China not only the economy of the nation but also the success of different businesses, it has not yet achieved its full potentials due to the fact that the people are working for the growth of the nation which even through hard work remains to be barely felt. This is the case for countries that operates a socialist form of government. In this from of government the people have common properties and works for the welfare of the nation and not for their own success. The government of China though has no plan of modifying already established political structure. This can be determined through the fact that through the alterations and development that was undertaken in the different aspects of the nation, any of the aspect of governance was not modified. China even promoted that their form of government is a unique feature in the economic success that was being experienced in the nation. This distinctive characteristic is comparable to the nations that have shifted from a socialist for of government to be able to better incorporate the economic development that is required for the growth of the nation. These include former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern European countries (Polonsky, Pucko, Warner, and Zhu). The lack of political reform has brought about problems in the different aspects of the nation. This is due to the fact that synthesizing the socialist form of government with the economic policies can be contradicting and affects the nation as a whole. One of the most affective factors in the process is in relation to the success that can be experience by individuals in a non-socialist country that has attained an economic growth that was achieved by China. This causes a conflict within the beliefs of the individuals who can feel just the minimal effect of the country's economic success. In this case the government can face a problem with discontentment of the people. For this matter, the leaders provide the nation with motivations on nationalism. That it is the success of the whole nation that they

Science, Technology & Innovation Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Science, Technology & Innovation Systems - Essay Example In places where there is no sufficient level of wind, the wind turbine industry certainly cannot operate efficiently and effectively. It requires strong level of wind in order to generate enough amount of electricity from wind energy. Electricity is very important in the society particularly in industries, households and every establishment. This means that electricity is an integral part of every political, social, legal, technological, economic and environmental aspect of the society. This is the reason why every nation tries to come up with the right level or amount of supply of electricity for everyone. Around 21.40 percent of electricity in Denmark is derived from wind. Compared this from the United States and other countries in Europe, this is relatively higher and only implies that Denmark has remarkably relied heavily on the wind-turbine industry in its electricity generation aside from other energy source. Certainly there are some important reasons why the wind-turbine indus try in Denmark became so strong. It is the main point of this paper to present some of the factors that contribute greatly to the success of wind-turbine industry in Denmark. ... Furthermore, the proponent includes the characteristics of the innovation system and the corresponding impacts on other sectors and technologies. Main actors, linkages, institutions The world is currently faced with the issue of global warming which is said to be as an upshot of human’s economic activities over the long span of time. What was the most intriguing is the issue about the higher amount of greenhouse gases emitted by electricity generation through fossil-fuel based of generating electricity. In Table 1, it is shown that different countries in Europe have substantially contributed higher amount of greenhouse gases emission due to on-going economic activity. However, the good news is that most of the fossil-fuel based of generating electricity can be replaceable by other alternative energy source. These fossil-fuel based of generating electricity can be replaceable by wind as shown in Table 2. Shown in Table 3 is the specific information about the percentage of elect ricity produced out from wind energy in the United States, Denmark and other countries in Europe. Table 1. Specific average emissions (CO2, SO2, NO2) from fossil fuel-based electricity generation in the different EU-27 Member States in 2007 (European Wind Energy Association, 2009) Table 2. Fossil fuel-based electricity generation replaceable/avoidable by wind (and other renewable electricity generation technologies) in the EU-27 Member States in 2007 (European Wind Energy Association, 2009) Table 3. Percent of Total Electricity Derived from Wind in 2006 (Asplund, 2008) The European Wind Energy Association is very particular with sustainability and eradication of factors that slowly affect the environment in particular. The

Effect of Financial Development on the Mauritius

Effect of Financial Development on the Mauritius Chapter One Introduction The introduction chapter of this dissertation provides the justification and purpose of the study, explains the research problem itself, defines the research objectives and highlights the scope of the study. Background to the research Policymakers and financial experts usually acknowledge that financial development- that is, a well-functioning financial system contributes to economic growth. A well-organised financial system can encourage economic growth through several channels by providing effective financial institutions and markets that help to overcome market resistance introduced by information asymmetries and transaction costs. Empirical studies on the link between financial development and economic growth have been analysed mostly by cross country cases until lately because of lack of enough time series data for developing countries. These researches have shown regularly that financial development is an important determinant of economic growth. However, even though the conclusion of these studies provides an appropriate guideline for the finance-growth nexus, it cannot be applied to all economies, as each specific country is regulated by its own financial institutions and policies. In this dissertation we are going to analyse the finance-growth relationship for one country only, Mauritius). The island of Mauritius is a fascinating country to study, because Mauritius over the past four decades have evolved from a mono-crop economy, depending on the production of sugar-cane to a mixed economy, pushed by export-oriented manufacturing, tourism and hospitality and the more recent developing sectors financial services and Information Communication and Technology. Mauritius is considered an upper middle income group in the Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only). It has been upgrading its position in international indexes for the rule of law (first in the Sub-Sahara Africa on rule of law index), investment (14th worldwide on the ease of starting a business and the strength of investor protection) and ease of doing business (ranking 19th of 183 countries on the 2012 Doing Business Index). Since the late 1980s, the financial sector has been transformed to become the fourth pillar of the Mauritian economy, with the set up of the Stock Exchange in 1989 and the Financial Services Commission in 2001. Mauritius has created various bodies to regulate the financial sector in its various aspects and substantial efforts have been made to revamp the legislative framework in the non-banking financial services sector by introducing amendments and new pieces of legislation. On a macroeconomic level Mauritius has also been doing well in the light of the world crisis in recent years. The government of Mauritius has attempted to mitigate the negative consequences of the global economic crisis through an appropriate policy mix. Thus, as the financial sector has a very important role to play in the development of the economy, this means that we have a good database for sufficient number of years to tackle this study. Purpose of the study Researches in the finance-growth nexus have been mainly on whether financial development has a positive effect on economic growth in Mauritius. In this context, we have tried to go deeper in this study by empirically analysing the co integration and causal link between financial development and economic growth in Mauritius and determining the effect of financial development and economic growth on each other by applying impulse response functions and variance decomposition techniques. The study analyses the effect of financial development on economic growth in Mauritius and covers the period 1981 to 2012. The period coincides with the rapid growth of the financial services sector in Mauritius in the 1980s, and is sufficiently long and allows comparison with other studies. Aims, Objectives, Research Questions and hypotheses Research objectives The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of financial development on economic growth for Mauritius. The following specific objectives will be answered: To investigate whether the increase in domestic credit to the private sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has led to improvement in GDP per capita. To investigate whether the increase in GDP per capital has led to the increase in domestic credit to the private sector to GDP. The long run and short run relationship between economic growth and financial development. The response of domestic credit to the private sector to GDP to shocks from the different variables used in the study The response of GDP to shocks from the different variables used in the study. Research questions Throughout this study we will try to find solutions to the following questions: Does financial development lead to economic growth in Mauritius or does economic growth lead to financial development? Is there a bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth in the short-run and long-run? Research hypotheses Research Hypotheses considered in the study: H0: The financial development and economic growth indicators are not stationary H1: The financial development and economic growth indicators are stationary H0: There is no co integration equation among the variables used in the study H1: There is co integration equation among the variables used in the study H0: There is short run causality running from independent variables to dependent variables H1: There is no short run causality running from independent variables to dependent variables, which means that there is long run causality. Scope of the study The study examines the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Mauritius and covers the period 1981 to 2012. The period starts almost in the same time that the economy of Mauritius was undergoing reforms in the financial sector with the creation of the Stock Exchange of Mauritius and later on the creation of the Financial Services Commission. Overall structure of the dissertation This dissertation has been organized into five chapters. The first chapter was an introduction to the proposed research. The second chapter will provide some relevant details on the financial development and economic growth in Mauritius. The third chapter will perform a review of theoretical concepts and empirical tests conducted worldwide concerning the financial development and economic growth with special attention to developing countries. The fourth chapter will describe the methodology to be used for the proposed study, the data gathering process together with analysis performed on same and the results will be interpreted graphically with discussions. The fifth and final chapter will draw conclusions from the study with some practical recommendations. REFERENCES Akinboade, O. A. (1998), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth in Botswana: A Test for Causality’, Savings and Development, 22(3), 331-348. Allen, D.S and L. Ndikumana (2000), ‘Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth in Southern Africa’, Journal of African Economies, vol.9, no 2, pp. 132-160. Arestis, P. and Demetriades, P. O. (1997), ‘Financial development and economic growth: Assessing the evidence’, Economic Journal 107(442), 783–99. Blackburn K., and V.T.Y. Hung (1996), ‘A Theory of Growth, Financial Development and Trade’, Economica, vol. 65, pp. 107-124. Christopoulos, D.K. and Tsionas, E.G. (2004). ‘Financial development and economic growth: evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests’, Journal of Development Economics,Vol. 73 No. 1, pp. 55-74. Choe, C. and I. A. Moosa (1999), ‘The Financial System and Economic Growth: The Korean Experience’, World Development, vol. 27, no.6, pp. 1069-1082. De Gregorio, J. and Guidotti, P. (1995), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth’, World Development, 23, 434-48 Demetriades, P. and Hussein K. A. (1996), ‘Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth’, Journal of Development Economies, vol. 51, pp. 387-411. Demetriades, P.O., Andrianova, (2004), ‘Finance and Growth: What We Know and What We Need to Know. In: Financial Development and Growth: Explaining the Links’. C. A. E. Goodhart (Eds). Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, pp. 38-65. Goldsmith, R. (1969), Financial Structure and Development, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Greenwood, J. and Jovanovic B. (1990), ‘Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income’, Journal of Political Economy, vol.34, pp. 1076-1107. Johannes, T. and Cletus, A. (2011). ‘ Financial Development and Ecxonomic Growth in Cameroon, 1970-2005’, Journal of Economics and International Finance Vol.3(6), pp.367-375, June 2011. Jordan, S. and Qi J.(2006),’Does Financial Development ‘Lead’ Economic Growth? The Case of China’, Annals of Economics and Finance 1,197-216. Jung, W. S. (1986), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth: International Evidence’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 34, pp. 333-346. King, R. and Levine, R. (1993b), ‘Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108 No. 3, pp. 717-37. Levine, R., 1997, ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda’, Journal of Economic Literature, 32(2). Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck, T. (2000a), ‘Financial intermediation and growth: causality and causes’, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 46, pp. 31-77. Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck, T. (2000b), ‘Finance and the sources of growth’, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 58, pp. 261-300. Lucas, R.E. (1988), ‘On the Mechanics of Economic Development’, Journal of Monetary Mankiw N.G, D. Romer, D.H. Weil (1992), ‘A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 107. McKinnon, R.I. (1973), Money and Capital in Economic Development, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution. McKinnon, R. (1991), The Order of Economic Liberalization: Financial Control in the Transition to a Market Economy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-42. Meier, G. M. (1991), ‘Leading Issues in Economic Development’, 4th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nowbutsing, B., Ramsohok, S. and Ramsohok, K. (2010),’A Multivariate Analysis of Financial Development and Growth in Mauritius: New Evidence’, Global Journal of Human Social Science, Vol.10 issue 1 (Ver 1.0) Pack, H. (1994), ‘Endogenous Growth Theory: Intellectual Appeal and Empirical Shortcomings’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.8, no1 Patrick, H. (1966), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.XIV, pp.451-65. Romer, P.M. (1986), ‘Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 94, pp.1002-1037. Romer, D. (1996), Advanced Macroeconomics, Berkeley: University of California. Rousseau, P.L. and P. Wachtel (1998), ‘Financial Intermediation and Economic Performance: Historical Evidence from Unobservable Components Models’, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 42, pp.387-425. Seetanah, B. (2007), ‘Financial development and economic growth: a VECM approach’, The Icfai Journal of Bank Management, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 7-16. Seetanah, B., Ramessur, T. S. and Rojid, S. (2008), ‘Financial development and economic growth: New evidence from sample of island economies’, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol.36 No2,2009, pp124-134. Seetanah, B. (2010), ‘Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Developing countries: Evidence from Panel VAR framework’. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), ‘The Theory of Economic Development’, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. First published in Germany, 1912. Shaw, E. S. (1973), Financial Deepening in Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press. Solow, R.M. (1956), ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70, no. 1. Swan, T.W. (1956), ‘Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation’, Economic Record, vol.32, no. 2. Wachtel, P. (2001), ‘Growth and Finance –What do We Know and How do We Know it?’ In International Finance. World Bank (2012). ‘Global Financial Development Report 2013: Rethinking the Role of the State in Finance.’ World Bank, Washington, DC (http://www.worldbank.org/financialdevelopment). Xu, Z. (2000), ‘Financial development, investment and growth’, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 38, pp. 331-44. WEBSITES Definition of Endogenous Growth Theory (2014).[Internet] Available from [Accessed 21 June 2014] Definition of Financial Intermediary (2014).[Internet] Available from [Accessed 22 June 2014] Definition of Solow-Swan Model (2014).[Internet] Available from [Accessed 1 July 2014] Fact sheet on Mauritius (2012). [Internet] Available from http://www.ninetyeastfinancial.com/articles/page.php?id=1022 [Accessed 1 July 2014] Mauritius Transformation Profile (2014). [Internet] Available from http://africantransformation.org/2014/02/07/mauritius/ [Accessed 21 September 2014] Mauritius: the Global Business Sector (2010). [Internet] Available from http://www.ifcreview.com/restricted.aspx?articleId=992areaId=32# [Accessed 21 September 2014]