Effect of Financial Development on the Mauritius

Effect of Financial Development on the Mauritius Chapter One Introduction The introduction chapter of this dissertation provides the justification and purpose of the study, explains the research problem itself, defines the research objectives and highlights the scope of the study. Background to the research Policymakers and financial experts usually acknowledge that financial development- that is, a well-functioning financial system contributes to economic growth. A well-organised financial system can encourage economic growth through several channels by providing effective financial institutions and markets that help to overcome market resistance introduced by information asymmetries and transaction costs. Empirical studies on the link between financial development and economic growth have been analysed mostly by cross country cases until lately because of lack of enough time series data for developing countries. These researches have shown regularly that financial development is an important determinant of economic growth. However, even though the conclusion of these studies provides an appropriate guideline for the finance-growth nexus, it cannot be applied to all economies, as each specific country is regulated by its own financial institutions and policies. In this dissertation we are going to analyse the finance-growth relationship for one country only, Mauritius). The island of Mauritius is a fascinating country to study, because Mauritius over the past four decades have evolved from a mono-crop economy, depending on the production of sugar-cane to a mixed economy, pushed by export-oriented manufacturing, tourism and hospitality and the more recent developing sectors financial services and Information Communication and Technology. Mauritius is considered an upper middle income group in the Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only). It has been upgrading its position in international indexes for the rule of law (first in the Sub-Sahara Africa on rule of law index), investment (14th worldwide on the ease of starting a business and the strength of investor protection) and ease of doing business (ranking 19th of 183 countries on the 2012 Doing Business Index). Since the late 1980s, the financial sector has been transformed to become the fourth pillar of the Mauritian economy, with the set up of the Stock Exchange in 1989 and the Financial Services Commission in 2001. Mauritius has created various bodies to regulate the financial sector in its various aspects and substantial efforts have been made to revamp the legislative framework in the non-banking financial services sector by introducing amendments and new pieces of legislation. On a macroeconomic level Mauritius has also been doing well in the light of the world crisis in recent years. The government of Mauritius has attempted to mitigate the negative consequences of the global economic crisis through an appropriate policy mix. Thus, as the financial sector has a very important role to play in the development of the economy, this means that we have a good database for sufficient number of years to tackle this study. Purpose of the study Researches in the finance-growth nexus have been mainly on whether financial development has a positive effect on economic growth in Mauritius. In this context, we have tried to go deeper in this study by empirically analysing the co integration and causal link between financial development and economic growth in Mauritius and determining the effect of financial development and economic growth on each other by applying impulse response functions and variance decomposition techniques. The study analyses the effect of financial development on economic growth in Mauritius and covers the period 1981 to 2012. The period coincides with the rapid growth of the financial services sector in Mauritius in the 1980s, and is sufficiently long and allows comparison with other studies. Aims, Objectives, Research Questions and hypotheses Research objectives The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of financial development on economic growth for Mauritius. The following specific objectives will be answered: To investigate whether the increase in domestic credit to the private sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has led to improvement in GDP per capita. To investigate whether the increase in GDP per capital has led to the increase in domestic credit to the private sector to GDP. The long run and short run relationship between economic growth and financial development. The response of domestic credit to the private sector to GDP to shocks from the different variables used in the study The response of GDP to shocks from the different variables used in the study. Research questions Throughout this study we will try to find solutions to the following questions: Does financial development lead to economic growth in Mauritius or does economic growth lead to financial development? Is there a bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth in the short-run and long-run? Research hypotheses Research Hypotheses considered in the study: H0: The financial development and economic growth indicators are not stationary H1: The financial development and economic growth indicators are stationary H0: There is no co integration equation among the variables used in the study H1: There is co integration equation among the variables used in the study H0: There is short run causality running from independent variables to dependent variables H1: There is no short run causality running from independent variables to dependent variables, which means that there is long run causality. Scope of the study The study examines the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Mauritius and covers the period 1981 to 2012. The period starts almost in the same time that the economy of Mauritius was undergoing reforms in the financial sector with the creation of the Stock Exchange of Mauritius and later on the creation of the Financial Services Commission. Overall structure of the dissertation This dissertation has been organized into five chapters. The first chapter was an introduction to the proposed research. The second chapter will provide some relevant details on the financial development and economic growth in Mauritius. The third chapter will perform a review of theoretical concepts and empirical tests conducted worldwide concerning the financial development and economic growth with special attention to developing countries. The fourth chapter will describe the methodology to be used for the proposed study, the data gathering process together with analysis performed on same and the results will be interpreted graphically with discussions. The fifth and final chapter will draw conclusions from the study with some practical recommendations. REFERENCES Akinboade, O. A. (1998), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth in Botswana: A Test for Causality’, Savings and Development, 22(3), 331-348. Allen, D.S and L. Ndikumana (2000), ‘Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth in Southern Africa’, Journal of African Economies, vol.9, no 2, pp. 132-160. Arestis, P. and Demetriades, P. O. (1997), ‘Financial development and economic growth: Assessing the evidence’, Economic Journal 107(442), 783–99. Blackburn K., and V.T.Y. Hung (1996), ‘A Theory of Growth, Financial Development and Trade’, Economica, vol. 65, pp. 107-124. Christopoulos, D.K. and Tsionas, E.G. 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(1990), ‘Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income’, Journal of Political Economy, vol.34, pp. 1076-1107. Johannes, T. and Cletus, A. (2011). ‘ Financial Development and Ecxonomic Growth in Cameroon, 1970-2005’, Journal of Economics and International Finance Vol.3(6), pp.367-375, June 2011. Jordan, S. and Qi J.(2006),’Does Financial Development ‘Lead’ Economic Growth? The Case of China’, Annals of Economics and Finance 1,197-216. Jung, W. S. (1986), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth: International Evidence’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 34, pp. 333-346. King, R. and Levine, R. (1993b), ‘Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108 No. 3, pp. 717-37. Levine, R., 1997, ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda’, Journal of Economic Literature, 32(2). Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck, T. (2000a), ‘Financial intermediation and growth: causality and causes’, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 46, pp. 31-77. Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck, T. (2000b), ‘Finance and the sources of growth’, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 58, pp. 261-300. Lucas, R.E. (1988), ‘On the Mechanics of Economic Development’, Journal of Monetary Mankiw N.G, D. Romer, D.H. Weil (1992), ‘A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 107. McKinnon, R.I. (1973), Money and Capital in Economic Development, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution. McKinnon, R. (1991), The Order of Economic Liberalization: Financial Control in the Transition to a Market Economy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-42. Meier, G. M. (1991), ‘Leading Issues in Economic Development’, 4th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nowbutsing, B., Ramsohok, S. and Ramsohok, K. (2010),’A Multivariate Analysis of Financial Development and Growth in Mauritius: New Evidence’, Global Journal of Human Social Science, Vol.10 issue 1 (Ver 1.0) Pack, H. (1994), ‘Endogenous Growth Theory: Intellectual Appeal and Empirical Shortcomings’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.8, no1 Patrick, H. (1966), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.XIV, pp.451-65. Romer, P.M. (1986), ‘Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 94, pp.1002-1037. Romer, D. (1996), Advanced Macroeconomics, Berkeley: University of California. Rousseau, P.L. and P. Wachtel (1998), ‘Financial Intermediation and Economic Performance: Historical Evidence from Unobservable Components Models’, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 42, pp.387-425. Seetanah, B. (2007), ‘Financial development and economic growth: a VECM approach’, The Icfai Journal of Bank Management, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 7-16. Seetanah, B., Ramessur, T. S. and Rojid, S. (2008), ‘Financial development and economic growth: New evidence from sample of island economies’, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol.36 No2,2009, pp124-134. Seetanah, B. (2010), ‘Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Developing countries: Evidence from Panel VAR framework’. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), ‘The Theory of Economic Development’, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. First published in Germany, 1912. Shaw, E. S. (1973), Financial Deepening in Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press. Solow, R.M. (1956), ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70, no. 1. Swan, T.W. (1956), ‘Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation’, Economic Record, vol.32, no. 2. Wachtel, P. (2001), ‘Growth and Finance –What do We Know and How do We Know it?’ In International Finance. 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Moral Ambiguity in Heart of Darkness Essay

In _Heart of Darkness_, by Joseph Conrad, the character Marlow, through his actions and experiences, shows himself to be morally ambiguous in that he goes on the European’s malevolent expedition to Africa yet he seems to despise the events he sees there and in that he performs both noble and ignoble deeds. These experiences and actions drive Conrad’s theme of European influence and colonialism corrupting, in this case, Africa. Marlow is a sailor who is traveling through Africa on a steam boat and who works for a company that is attempting to gain riches for Europe. His moral ambiguity is shown by the fact that he is participating in this heinous expedition yet, at the same time, he seems to despise it. Marlow, as he sailed along the coast, saw â€Å"a man-of-war anchored off the coast†¦shelling the bush†¦There was a touch of insanity in the proceeding†¦ [which] was not dissipated by somebody on board assuring me earnestly there was a camp of natives â₠¬â€œ he called them enemies! – hidden out of sight somewhere.† (pg.18 ). Marlow’s word choice depicts the corrupting influence of Europe because it speaks of how he saw a man-of-war, a French ship, attack natives who were, in his opinion, unjustly called enemies. What truly shows this to be a corrupting influence, however, is his use of the word â€Å"insanity† to describe the event; insanity here is meant to show that this event, caused by Europeans, is unnatural to Africa and disrupts its calm. Next, Marlow spoke of other Europeans who came to Africa such as the â€Å"devoted band†¦called†¦the Eldorado Exploring Expedition†¦ To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire†¦with no†¦moral purpose at the back of it† (pg. 42). The Eldorado Expedition, as Marlow saw it, was the typical devoted European band which he felt was nothing but a bunch of dirty thieves -with no regard for the greater good- who, through their actions, would desecrate Africa by ripping away its riches. Finally, Marlow, as he was walking with Kurtz’s admirer, saw â€Å"heads on stakes†¦They showed that Kurtz lacked restraint in the gratification of his various lusts.† (pg. 81). Kurtz is a European who was sent by the company to get the treasures of Africa for Europe and to colonize it, but, when Marlow sees what Kurtz does he says that Kurtz is  unable to restrain his lust. This, in and of itself, may seem unimportant, but, it infers that all the Europeans going to Africa are driven by lust and the main function of lust is traditionally corruption, hence, the Europeans going to Africa will do nothing but corrupt it. In addition to utilizing Marlow’s experience, Joseph Conrad utilizes Marlow’s conflicting actions in order, not only to reinforce Marlow’s moral ambiguity, but to further depict the corrupting influence of Europe on Africa. The first thing the Conrad did was have Marlow take â€Å"the pose of a Buddha preaching in European clothes and without a lotus-flower† (pg. 8 ) Here Marlow acts like Buddha, a symbol of someone who is enlightened and good, which makes it clear that everything Marlow says is true and that his ul timate opinion, that being that Europe corrupts, is an absolute truth. Next Marlow empathetically said, â€Å"‘Nevertheless I think Mr. Kurtz is a remarkable man'† (pg. 88 ) Marlow’s action appears to contrast with the perfection given to him by his earlier Buddha pose because he is supporting and admiring Kurtz, the person who took his lust to the extreme and the person who represents the ultimate level of European corruption. Marlow, however, must be right about Kurtz’s remarkable nature in some way because he is portrayed as Buddha though, contrary to what one might think at the beginning of the book, this portrayal does not portend moral perfection on Marlow’s part as shown later in the book. The only way in which Kurtz is remarkable is in his excessive level of lust; hence, Marlow’s statement implies that Europe is a ceaselessly corrupting influence, varying only in the degree of corruption from person to person. Finally, Marlow, when observing Kurtz’s wife, sees, â€Å"the faith that [is] in herâ₠¬ ¦that great saving illusion [shining] with an unearthly glow in the†¦triumphant darkness† (pg 107). Marlow’s observation shows that in a world of corruption and darkness, the European world, Kurtz’s wife deludes herself by creating a world of light and good in her own mind, this fact is necessary in order to understand the importance of the exchange following this observation. The exchange between Marlow and Kurtz’s wife begins with Marlow unwisely saying, â€Å"I heard his very last words† (pg. 109) leading to Kurtz’s wife asking him to â€Å"‘Repeat them’†¦in a heart broken tone'† (pg. 109) and, although Kurtz’s true last words were â€Å"‘The horror! the horror!'† (pg. 109) Marlow told her that, â€Å"‘The last word he pronounced was – your name'† (pg. 109). The importance of this conversation is that it shows the reality  of Kurtz’s vision, that being â€Å"the horror†, through Marlow’s noble lie. It was already shown that Kurtz’s wife lived in an illusionary world, this, combined with Marlow lying to her when she asked for Kurtz’s last words, shows that what Kurtz saw of Europe, a horror, was the truth. Conveniently, Marlow’s act of not shattering Kurtz’s wife’s illusion contrasts with his support of Kurtz, which caused him to seem vile, thus making it impossible to legitimately argue that Marlow is wholly good or bad, only that he is right. Marlow, through his experiences and actions, is depicted as a moral ambiguity and this ambiguity is the tool with which Joseph Conrad develops his theme of European corruption on other peoples and places. Marlow participates in the heinous European expedition yet his opinion of the events he sees are negative thus demonstrating the corrupting influence of Europe, and his actions, which present him as both enlightened and morally ambiguous, also emphasizes the corrupting influence of Europe through the expression of his opinion. Ironically, his ambiguity is symbolic of the ambiguity of the Europeans themselves in that go to other places, such as Africa, with intentions akin to enlightening the people they encounter but, despite the fact that they may succeed in enlightening those people, they corrupt them as well.

Attitude Formation

Attitude FormationCCSF, Shardlow In Social Psychology attitudes are defined as positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought. Attitudes typically have three components. †¢ The cognitive component is made up of the thoughts and beliefs people hold about the object of the attitude. †¢ The affective component consists of the emotional feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude. †¢ The behavioral component consists of predispositions to act in certain ways toward an attitude object. The object of an attitude can be anything people have opinions about.Therefore, individual people, groups of people, institutions, products, social trends, consumer products, etc. all can be attitudinal objects. †¢ Attitudes involve social judgments. They are either for, or against, pro, or con, positive, or negative; however, it is possible to be ambivalent about the attitudinal object and have a mix of positive and negative feelings and thoughts about it. †¢ Attitude s involve a readiness (or predisposition) to respond; however, for a variety of reasons we don’t always act on our attitudes. †¢ Attitudes vary along dimensions of strength and accessibility.Strong attitudes are very important to the individual and tend to be durable and have a powerful impact on behavior, whereas weak attitudes are not very important and have little impact. Accessible attitudes come to mind quickly, whereas other attitudes may rarely be noticed. †¢ Attitudes tend to be stable over time, but a number of factors can cause attitudes to change. †¢ Stereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. †¢ A prejudice is an arbitrary belief, or feeling, directed toward a group of people or its individual members.Prejudices can be either positive or negative; however, the term is usually used to refer to a negative attitude held toward members of a group. Prejudice may lead to discrimination, which involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Psychological factors involved in Attitude Formation and Attitude Change 1. Direct Instruction involves being told what attitudes to have by parents, schools, community organizations, religious doctrine, friends, etc. 2. Operant Conditioning is a simple form of learning. It is based on the â€Å"Law of Effect† and involves voluntary responses.Behaviors (including verbal behaviors and maybe even thoughts) tend to be repeated if they are reinforced (i. e. , followed by a positive experience). Conversely, behaviors tend to be stopped when they are punished (i. e. , followed by an unpleasant experience). Thus, if one expresses, or acts out an attitude toward some group, and this is reinforced by one’s peers, the attitude is strengthened and is likely to be expressed again. The reinforcement can be as subtle as a smile or as obvious as a raise in salary. Operant conditi oning is especially involved with the behavioral component of attitudes. 3.Classical conditioning is another simple form of learning. It involves involuntary responses and is acquired through the pairing of two stimuli. Two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused and before long the person responds in the same way to both events. Originally studied by Pavlov, the process requires an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that produces an involuntary (reflexive) response (UCR). If a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired, either very dramatically on one occasion, or repeatedly for several acquisition trials, the neutral stimulus will lead to the same response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.At this point the stimulus is no longer neutral and so is referred to as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response has now become a learned response and so is referred to as a conditioned response (CR). In Pavlov’s research the UCS was meat powder which led to an UCR of sa livation. The NS was a bell. At first the bell elicited no response from the dog, but eventually the bell alone caused the dog to salivate. Advertisers create positive attitudes towards their products by presenting attractive models in their ads. In this case the model is the UCS and our reaction to him, or her, is an automatic positive response.The product is the original NS which through pairing comes to elicit a positive conditioned response. In a similar fashion, pleasant or unpleasant experiences with members of a particular group could lead to positive or negative attitudes toward that group. Classical conditioning is especially involved with the emotional, or affective, component of attitudes. 4. Social (Observational) Learning is based on modeling. We observe others. If they are getting reinforced for certain behaviors or the expression of certain attitudes, this serves as vicarious reinforcement and makes it more ikely that we, too, will behave in this manner or express thi s attitude. Classical conditioning can also occur vicariously through observation of others. 5. Cognitive Dissonance exists when related cognitions, feelings or behaviors are inconsistent or contradictory. Cognitive dissonance creates an unpleasant state of tension that motivates people to reduce their dissonance by changing their cognitions, feeling, or behaviors. For example, a person who starts out with a negative attitude toward marijuana will experience cognitive dissonance if they start smoking marijuana and find themselves enjoying the experience.The dissonance they experience is thus likely to motivate them to either change their attitude toward marijuana, or to stop using marijuana. This process can be conscious, but often occurs without conscious awareness. 6. Unconscious Motivation. Some attitudes are held because they serve some unconscious function for an individual. For example, a person who is threatened by his homosexual feelings may employ the defense mechanism of r eaction formation and become a crusader against homosexuals.Or, someone who feels inferior may feel somewhat better by putting down a group other than her own. Because it is unconscious, the person will not be aware of the unconscious motivation at the time it is operative, but may become aware of it as some later point in time. 7. Rational Analysis involves the careful weighing of evidence for, and against, a particular attitude. For example, a person may carefully listen to the presidential debates and read opinions of political experts in order to decide which candidate to vote for in an election.

The Civil Rights Act Did Not Happen Over Night - 1655 Words

The Civil Rights Act did not happen over night; however, many fought for it and soon prevailed. During John F Kennedy’s presidency the Civil Rights Act was begun. The bill was called for by President John F. Kennedy address of the nation on June 11, 1963. The President gave a speech asking for a law â€Å"giving all Americans the right to be served in all places which are open to the public—Motels, restaurants, movies, clothing stores, as well as the right to vote†. President Kennedy made this speech after protests from the Black community about how they were being mistreated, the most current being the Birmingham campaign which ended in May 1963. There were many factors to the civil rights act of 1964 from presidents to normal â€Å"civilians†. In today’s society the Civil Rights Act is allowing equal opportunities for everyone. The Civil Rights was not just an act it was a movement fought for almost twenty years. 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